Collagen

Collagen comprises approximately 30% of total body protein and provides structural integrity to skin, bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. At least 28 types of collagen have been identified, with types I, II, and III being the most abundant. Supplemental collagen is typically hydrolyzed into small peptides (2–5 kDa) for improved digestibility and absorption. These bioactive peptides stimulate fibroblasts and chondrocytes, promoting endogenous collagen synthesis. Numerous randomized controlled trials have demonstrated improvements in skin hydration and elasticity, reductions in joint pain scores, and enhanced bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Collagen peptides are rich in glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline—amino acids that are otherwise underrepresented in most dietary protein sources.