Yes, DIM is used by both men and women. In men, DIM may promote favorable estrogen metabolism and has been studied for its potential protective effects against prostate cancer. It does not reduce testosterone levels; some evidence suggests it may shift testosterone metabolism favorably.

Why does DIM change the color of my urine?

DIM is metabolized into compounds that have a dark amber color and are excreted through the kidneys. This harmless urine color change is a normal sign that DIM is being absorbed and metabolized. It is not a cause for concern.

suppora

Specialty & Other

Diindolylmethane (DIM)

Also known as: DIM, 3,3'-Diindolylmethane

Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a compound formed from the digestion of indole-3-carbinol, found in cruciferous vegetables. It modulates estrogen metabolism by promoting the formation of favorable 2-hydroxyestrone metabolites and is studied for its potential role in hormone-dependent cancer prevention.

CEvidence GradeModerate evidence19 clinical studies

Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a stable metabolite formed from the acid-catalyzed condensation of two molecules of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) in the stomach. I3C is naturally present in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage. DIM's primary mechanism of action involves modulation of estrogen metabolism by inducing CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzymes, which shift estrogen metabolism toward the production of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), considered a protective estrogen metabolite, and away from 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), which is associated with increased proliferative activity. Clinical studies have demonstrated that DIM supplementation favorably alters the 2-OHE1:16α-OHE1 ratio. DIM also exhibits anti-proliferative effects in cell culture models of breast, prostate, and cervical cancer through modulation of NF-κB, Akt, and androgen receptor signaling. Phase I and II clinical trials in cervical dysplasia and prostate cancer are ongoing. DIM is more stable and bioavailable than its precursor I3C, making it the preferred supplemental form for estrogen metabolism modulation.

Evidence-Graded Benefits

Promotes favorable estrogen metabolism

DIM supplementation increases the ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone, shifting estrogen metabolism toward metabolites associated with lower proliferative activity and potentially reduced risk of hormone-dependent cancers.

Quick Facts

TypeSpecialty & Other

Onset4-8 weeks

SafetyUse with care

Studies cited2

Related Goals

LongevityImmune SupportWomen's Health

Key Interactions

CautionHormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptives

DIM modulates estrogen metabolism and may alter the effects of exogenous hormones. Women on HRT or oral contraceptives should consult a healthcare provider before supplementing.

SynergyCruciferous vegetables (Broccoli, Kale)

Dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables provides additional indole-3-carbinol and sulforaphane, complementing DIM's estrogen-modulating effects.

Key Sources

Pilot study: effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane supplements on urinary hormone metabolites in postmenopausal women with a history of early-stage breast cancer

Nutrition and Cancer · 2004

3,3'-Diindolylmethane modulates estrogen metabolism in patients with thyroid proliferative disease

Thyroid · 2006

Add to your stack

Compare forms, check interactions, and find the right dosage for your goals.

Diindolylmethane (DIM)

Evidence-Graded Benefits

Promotes favorable estrogen metabolism

Shows anti-proliferative effects in cancer cell models

Recommended Dosage

Forms & Bioavailability

Side Effects

FAQ

Reviews