Vitamins

Vitamin C is a potent water-soluble antioxidant essential for collagen synthesis, immune function, and iron absorption. It cannot be synthesized by humans and must be obtained through diet or supplementation.

Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin required for red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Deficiency is common in older adults and those following plant-based diets.

Essential fat-soluble vitamin critical for bone health, immune function, and mood regulation. The most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.

Vitamin B7 (biotin) is a water-soluble vitamin that serves as an essential cofactor for carboxylase enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. It is widely promoted for hair, skin, and nail health.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble essential nutrient critical for vision, immune function, and cell differentiation. It exists as preformed retinol in animal foods and as provitamin A carotenoids in plant-based sources.

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin involved in over 150 enzyme reactions, primarily in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and haemoglobin formation. It is essential for brain development and immune function.

Folate is an essential B-vitamin critical for DNA synthesis, cell division, and methylation processes. It is especially important during pregnancy for neural tube development and plays a key role in homocysteine metabolism.

Vitamin E is a group of fat-soluble antioxidants that protect cell membranes from oxidative damage. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and the primary form maintained in human plasma.

Vitamin K2 is a group of fat-soluble vitamins (menaquinones) that play a crucial role in calcium metabolism, directing calcium into bones and teeth while preventing arterial calcification. MK-7 is the most well-researched supplemental form.

Vitamin B3 (niacin) is a water-soluble vitamin that serves as a precursor to the coenzymes NAD and NADP, which are involved in over 400 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cell signalling.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a precursor to the coenzymes FAD and FMN, which are vital for energy production, cellular function, and fat metabolism.

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for carbohydrate metabolism and nervous system function. It acts as a coenzyme in energy-producing pathways and is critical for brain health.

Vitamin K1 is a fat-soluble vitamin primarily involved in blood coagulation. It is the predominant dietary form of vitamin K, found abundantly in green leafy vegetables.

Choline is an essential nutrient required for neurotransmitter synthesis, cell membrane structure, and methyl group metabolism. Despite its importance, most adults do not meet the adequate intake through diet alone.

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA), a molecule central to fatty acid metabolism, energy production, and the synthesis of hormones and neurotransmitters.